Depo shot side effects long term - weakness or numbness in an arm or leg. pain in the arms, neck, back, or jaw. dizziness. faintness. If a doctor prescribes male testosterone injections to an adolescent to treat a constitutional ...

 
Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection should not be used as a long-term birth control method (i.e., longer than 2 years) unless other birth control methods are considered inadequate. (See Warnings and Precautions (5.1)). 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Depo-Provera CI is indicated only for the prevention of pregnancy. The loss of bone mineral density . Home depot re bath cost

Mar 3, 2023 · Similar side effects of the pill vs. Depo-Provera injection. Both methods can cause tenderness or soreness in the breasts. Other side effects of oral contraceptives and the Depo-Provera shot include headaches and mood changes. Both methods can lead to a decreased interest in sex ( decreased libido) in some women. So I have been on depo for about two years now and have never had severe problems. I have noticed since starting Depo that I have more vaginal discharge, more acne, and my boobs tend to be sore more often. However, this past week I have noticed an intense increase in some side effects. My boobs are extremely sore and I am having a mixture of ...Long-term effects of injection Depo-Provera (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in 157 women who were treated continuously for a mean duration of 43.3 months. The patients were matched with 162 controls for race, age, parity and height. Glucose tolerance was impaired with higher intolerance at ...Forty-three subjects (37% of discontinuers) restarted Depo-Provera during the study period, with a mean time to restart of 8.4 months after the last Depo-Provera injection. Side effects were the main reported reason for Depo-Provera discontinuation, primarily menstrual irregularities (26%) and weight gain (18%). DEPO-MEDROL is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid for intramuscular, intra-articular, soft tissue, or intralesional injection. It is available in three strengths: 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL. Sodium Chloride was added to adjust tonicity. When necessary, pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid.itchiness. flushing (warmth and redness or deepening of color in your skin) A more severe allergic reaction is rare but possible. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction can include: swelling under ...Aug 7, 2023 · signs of a blood clot - sudden numbness or weakness, severe headache, chest pain, sudden cough, coughing up blood; problems with vision or speech, swelling or pain in an arm or leg. Common Depo-Provera side effects may include: changes in your menstrual periods; weakness, feeling tired; stomach pain; feeling nervous; itchiness. flushing (warmth and redness or deepening of color in your skin) A more severe allergic reaction is rare but possible. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction can include: swelling under ...Forty-three subjects (37% of discontinuers) restarted Depo-Provera during the study period, with a mean time to restart of 8.4 months after the last Depo-Provera injection. Side effects were the main reported reason for Depo-Provera discontinuation, primarily menstrual irregularities (26%) and weight gain (18%). Forty-three subjects (37% of discontinuers) restarted Depo-Provera during the study period, with a mean time to restart of 8.4 months after the last Depo-Provera injection. Side effects were the main reported reason for Depo-Provera discontinuation, primarily menstrual irregularities (26%) and weight gain (18%).Feb 22, 2022 · They might include: Abdominal pain Bloating Decreased interest in sex Depression Dizziness Headaches Irregular periods and breakthrough bleeding Nervousness Weakness and fatigue Weight gain Methylprednisolone (brand names: Medrol®, Depo-Medrol®, A-Methapred®, Solu-Medrol®) is a glucocorticoid steroid medication used to treat many inflammatory conditions, pets with adrenal gland disease, and pets with immune-mediated diseases. It is similar to but slightly more potent than prednisone / prednisolone. Testosterone cypionate (Depo-testosterone) is an injectable drug used to treat hypogonadism in males. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more.Mar 17, 2022 · Depo-Provera is an injection that prevents pregnancy for 3 months at a time. It contains a synthetic hormone called progestin. The birth control shot works similarly to the pill by preventing ... SU. suzanne66 7 March 2010. Chemical castration (as it is referred to in males) by using Depo-provera lowers testosterone and reduces sex drive. Males can have sexual intercourse but do not want to. It also discourages sexual fantasies and eradicates sexual obsessions. Mood changes and depression are reported side-effects of depo-provera.Allergy shots are a form of treatment called immunotherapy. Each allergy shot contains a tiny amount of the specific substance or substances that trigger your allergic reactions. These are called allergens. Allergy shots contain just enough allergens to stimulate your immune system — but not enough to cause a full-blown allergic reaction.May 15, 2002 · In fact, women frequently discontinue hormonal contraception because of irregular bleeding and other side effects. 1 – 3 One study 4 found that 32 percent of 1,657 women who started taking oral ... A further benefit of depot treatment is the achievement of stable plasma concentrations over long periods, allowing injections to be given every few weeks. However, this also represents a potential disadvantage in that there is a lack of flexibility of administration. Should adverse effects develop, the drug cannot be rapidly withdrawn.Similar side effects of the pill vs. Depo-Provera injection. Both methods can cause tenderness or soreness in the breasts. Other side effects of oral contraceptives and the Depo-Provera shot include headaches and mood changes. Both methods can lead to a decreased interest in sex ( decreased libido) in some women.Aug 15, 2019 · Objectives Depo-Provera is an injectable contraceptive method containing medroxyprogesterone acetate. It has some adverse effects like changes in menstrual pattern, loss in bone mineral density and risk of weight gain. Therefore, this study is aimed at to investigate the effects of Depo-Provera on body weight and blood pressure among Ethiopian women. Institution based cross-sectional study ... May 10, 2023 · Rated Depo-Provera for Endometriosis Report . I was always happy and outgoing. Always with friends or making new friends to hang with. After almost 2 years on this drug I am: • Severely depressed • crazy anxiety • antisocial ( I try but I don’t ever want to be with people or do anything the more I get this shot ) • I don’t feel attracted to anyone • I cry everyday at least 5 ... Depo-Medrol Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term Home Depo-Medrol Side Effects Print Save Depo-Medrol Side Effects Generic name: methylprednisolone Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Dec 7, 2022. Serious side effects Other side effects Professional info FAQMar 23, 2022 · Other long-term birth control options include the: ... The Depo-Provera shot needs to be administered every three months. The birth control implant works for three years. ... Side effects usually ... Spotting (light bleeding or brown discharge between periods) Not getting your period at all. About half of people stop getting their period while they’re on the shot (don’t worry, this is totally safe). Other possible side effects include: Nausea. Weight gain. Headaches. Sore breasts. Depression.May 2, 2023 · Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs. Long-term side effects Some diseases and medical conditions require long-term treatment with corticosteroids, at either an anti-inflammatory dose or an immunosuppressive dose. When corticosteroids will be used for more than three to four months, particularly at immunosuppressive doses, additional side effects become a concern. Depo-Provera Vial Contraceptives. - Uses, Side Effects, This medication may cause serious bone loss which may not return to normal after you stop using it. The risk of bone loss increases with ...After my very first injection 22 years ago, I have had zero periods and zero breakthrough bleeding. Zero side effects. Nothing. This has been a blessing. I had my last Depo Shot on 1/12/21. My next one is not due until 3/30/21. Today I wake up and have bleeding. Long-term case-controlled surveillance of users of Depo-Provera CI found no overall increased risk of ovarian or liver cancer. 5.4 Ectopic Pregnancy Be alert to the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy among women using Depo-Provera CI who become pregnant or complain of severe abdominal pain.Rated Depo-Provera for Endometriosis Report . I was always happy and outgoing. Always with friends or making new friends to hang with. After almost 2 years on this drug I am: • Severely depressed • crazy anxiety • antisocial ( I try but I don’t ever want to be with people or do anything the more I get this shot ) • I don’t feel attracted to anyone • I cry everyday at least 5 ...Similar side effects of the pill vs. Depo-Provera injection. Both methods can cause tenderness or soreness in the breasts. Other side effects of oral contraceptives and the Depo-Provera shot include headaches and mood changes. Both methods can lead to a decreased interest in sex ( decreased libido) in some women.Common side effects may include: weight gain (especially in your face or your upper back and torso); slow wound healing; muscle pain or weakness; thinning skin, increased sweating; stomach ...Effects on baby A small amount of the synthetic hormones in contraceptives will enter your milk, there is no evidence that this is dangerous to your baby. Some babies younger than six weeks may have difficulty metabolising the hormones and for this reason it is not recommended to start using a hormonal contraceptive until your baby is older.Jun 14, 2023 · DEPO-MEDROL is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid for intramuscular, intra-articular, soft tissue, or intralesional injection. It is available in three strengths: 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL. Sodium Chloride was added to adjust tonicity. When necessary, pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. Depo-Provera use may also delay the return of your fertility. About 50% of women will be able to get pregnant within 10 months after their last Depo-Provera injection, but it can take up to 18 months for fertility to return. Some women report irregular or continuous bleeding when using Depo-Provera along with other unwanted side effects.Purpose and method: Our objective is to evaluate the effects of the long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a method of contraception on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling. Forty women (21-44 years old) who used DMPA for contraception for <1, 1-2 and >5 years, in addition to 20 age-matched healthy women ...Testosterone cypionate (Depo-testosterone) is an injectable drug used to treat hypogonadism in males. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more.Feb 3, 2023 · slurred speech. stopping of menstrual bleeding. sudden loss of coordination. sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg. sudden, unexplained shortness of breath. swelling of the fingers, hands, feet, or lower legs. troubled breathing at rest. unexpected or excess milk flow from the breasts. DEPO-MEDROL is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid for intramuscular, intra-articular, soft tissue, or intralesional injection. It is available in three strengths: 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL. Sodium Chloride was added to adjust tonicity. When necessary, pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid.May 2, 2023 · Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs. redness of the skin. redness or swelling of the breast. sore on the skin of the breast that does not heal. swelling of the eyelids, face, fingers, lips, hands, feet, or lower legs. tightness in the chest. troubled breathing at rest. troubled breathing or swallowing. vaginal bleeding.SU. suzanne66 7 March 2010. Chemical castration (as it is referred to in males) by using Depo-provera lowers testosterone and reduces sex drive. Males can have sexual intercourse but do not want to. It also discourages sexual fantasies and eradicates sexual obsessions. Mood changes and depression are reported side-effects of depo-provera.Mar 6, 2023 · Lupron is a drug doctors prescribe to treat prostate cancer. It works by reducing testosterone levels in the body, slowing cancer growth. Lupron is the brand name for leuprolide acetate. Lupron ... A further benefit of depot treatment is the achievement of stable plasma concentrations over long periods, allowing injections to be given every few weeks. However, this also represents a potential disadvantage in that there is a lack of flexibility of administration. Should adverse effects develop, the drug cannot be rapidly withdrawn. Long-term effects of injection Depo-Provera (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in 157 women who were treated continuously for a mean duration of 43.3 months. The patients were matched with 162 controls for race, age, parity and height. Glucose tolerance was impaired with higher intolerance at ... Nov 12, 2020 · This article highlights medroxyprogesterone as it is used as contraception to prevent pregnancy. This activity discusses the mechanism of action, adverse effects, monitoring, and contraindications for medroxyprogesterone. Also, it highlights the important role that providers play in administering medroxyprogesterone and regularly monitoring patients for side effects. Short-term side effects. Short-term side effects are those that we expect a cat to experience when initially placed on corticosteroids. These side effects depend both on the type of steroid prescribed and on the dosage administered and include: increased thirst and urination. increased hunger. general loss of energy. weakness near the injection site; Long-term side effects. Taking steroid shots for a prolonged period of time increases the risk of more serious side effects. Long-term side effects can include:May 2, 2023 · Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs. Nov 24, 2017 · LousArk 24 Nov 2017. The Manufacturer recommends that you not use Depo Provera long term (more than 2 years), unless you have no option. In that case, you need to take the recommended breaks every couple of years. They state that it can take up to 18 months from the point you miss your shot, for your fertility to return. Many negative side effects usually go away after 2-3 months, once your body gets used to the shot. You can use our birth control app to keep track of the side effects you may be having. Most people on the shot have some change in their periods, including bleeding more days than usual, spotting between periods, or no periods.Mar 5, 2023 · Very common (10% or more): Increase weight (up to 37%) Common (1% to 10%): Increased appetite, decreased appetite. Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Diabetes mellitus exacerbated, hypercalcemia, fluid retention. Frequency not reported: Elevations of serum calcium and potassium levels, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus. Jan 15, 2022 · itchiness. flushing (warmth and redness or deepening of color in your skin) A more severe allergic reaction is rare but possible. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction can include: swelling under ... A prospective analysis of women using Depo-Provera found no change in sexual function after four months, and women using progestin-only pills had no difference in sexual desire compared with those ...Warning: Blood Pressure IncreasesTestosterone undecanoate can cause blood pressure (BP) increases that can increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular death.Aug 15, 2019 · Objectives Depo-Provera is an injectable contraceptive method containing medroxyprogesterone acetate. It has some adverse effects like changes in menstrual pattern, loss in bone mineral density and risk of weight gain. Therefore, this study is aimed at to investigate the effects of Depo-Provera on body weight and blood pressure among Ethiopian women. Institution based cross-sectional study ... Many negative side effects usually go away after 2-3 months, once your body gets used to the shot. You can use our birth control app to keep track of the side effects you may be having. Most people on the shot have some change in their periods, including bleeding more days than usual, spotting between periods, or no periods.I got the Depo shot on Feburary 8th, 2017. The first two weeks afterwards I felt fine, surprisingly no side effects so I was happy about getting it. However, when the third week started, all hell started to break lose. Mood swings, severe depression, OCD, severe anxiety, loss of sex drive, constant spotting, loss of attraction to my BF, and ...Menstrual cycle changes are the most common side effects of the Depo-Provera shot. Many individuals stop using it within the first year because of irregular spotting or bleeding. This side effect can last more than a year for some people. There is no way to predict who will experience this Depo shot side effect or how severe it may be.Depo-Provera Vial Contraceptives. - Uses, Side Effects, This medication may cause serious bone loss which may not return to normal after you stop using it. The risk of bone loss increases with ...Limiting contraceptive options like DMPA may disproportionately affect adolescents and disadvantaged women. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, resulting in anovulation and decreased production of estrogen. Decreased estrogen production is of concern because it is associated with a decrease in ...Lifestyle Changes. Depo-Provera ( depot medroxyprogesterone acetate , or DMPA) is an effective and relatively easy form of birth control. It does appear to cause weight gain for many women, though. Weight gain is often cited as the reason women stop using the shots. DMPA can change body composition and increase fat mass.Loss of bone density, if Lupron Depot is taken long term. Convulsions (violent shaking, seizures). Problems with your heart’s electrical activity, such as long QT syndrome .Depo Provera (Depo medroxyprogesterone Acetate or DMPA) is a long acting progestin given by intramuscular injection every 12 weeks. It has been approved for contraception in the USA since 1992, but has been available in some countries since the 1960s. It is important to understand the benefits, risks and side effects, and to consider Ibuprofen or estrogen to stop bleeding from the Depot-Provera shot. Most side effects of the birth control shot will fade after the first six months. However, it’s important to talk with your ...Jun 22, 2023 · People who had severe illness with COVID-19 might experience organ damage affecting the heart, kidneys, skin and brain. Inflammation and problems with the immune system can also happen. It isn't clear how long these effects might last. The effects also could lead to the development of new conditions, such as diabetes or a heart or nervous ... Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.Mar 3, 2023 · Similar side effects of the pill vs. Depo-Provera injection. Both methods can cause tenderness or soreness in the breasts. Other side effects of oral contraceptives and the Depo-Provera shot include headaches and mood changes. Both methods can lead to a decreased interest in sex ( decreased libido) in some women. After my very first injection 22 years ago, I have had zero periods and zero breakthrough bleeding. Zero side effects. Nothing. This has been a blessing. I had my last Depo Shot on 1/12/21. My next one is not due until 3/30/21. Today I wake up and have bleeding. Potential side effects of cortisone shots increase with larger doses and repeated use. Side effects can include: Cartilage damage. Death of nearby bone. Joint infection. Nerve damage. Temporary facial flushing. Temporary flare of pain and inflammation in the joint. Temporary increase in blood sugar.Depo Provera (Depo medroxyprogesterone Acetate or DMPA) is a long acting progestin given by intramuscular injection every 12 weeks. It has been approved for contraception in the USA since 1992, but has been available in some countries since the 1960s. It is important to understand the benefits, risks and side effects, and to consider Pros No need to take a daily pill. You’ll get a shot once every 12 to 13 weeks. Less opportunity to miss a dose. It’s very common to occasionally miss a daily pill. With a shot, you won’t have...Aug 28, 2023 · Common side effects of Depo-Estradiol may include: breast pain; headache; vaginal itching or discharge, changes in your menstrual periods, breakthrough bleeding; thinning scalp hair; or. nausea, vomiting, bloating, stomach cramps. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side ... May 10, 2023 · Rated Depo-Provera for Endometriosis Report . I was always happy and outgoing. Always with friends or making new friends to hang with. After almost 2 years on this drug I am: • Severely depressed • crazy anxiety • antisocial ( I try but I don’t ever want to be with people or do anything the more I get this shot ) • I don’t feel attracted to anyone • I cry everyday at least 5 ... Long-term effects of injection Depo-Provera (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in 157 women who were treated continuously for a mean duration of 43.3 months. The patients were matched with 162 controls for race, age, parity and height. Glucose tolerance was impaired with higher intolerance at ...Uses. Warnings: This medication may cause serious bone loss which may not return to normal after you stop using it. The risk of bone loss increases with longer use of this medication and smoking ...Pros No need to take a daily pill. You’ll get a shot once every 12 to 13 weeks. Less opportunity to miss a dose. It’s very common to occasionally miss a daily pill. With a shot, you won’t have...LousArk 24 Nov 2017. The Manufacturer recommends that you not use Depo Provera long term (more than 2 years), unless you have no option. In that case, you need to take the recommended breaks every couple of years. They state that it can take up to 18 months from the point you miss your shot, for your fertility to return.Methylprednisolone (brand names: Medrol®, Depo-Medrol®, A-Methapred®, Solu-Medrol®) is a glucocorticoid steroid medication used to treat many inflammatory conditions, pets with adrenal gland disease, and pets with immune-mediated diseases. It is similar to but slightly more potent than prednisone / prednisolone.Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Vaginal itching or discharge.

Satisfaction. I'm a 40 yr. old that has been taking Depo-Provera for about 11 years. I like it all except, that I have to go to the doctor every 3 months and I do have the shakes and anxiety, heart palpitations, etc. BUT I also had anxiety before so not exactly sure if the shot is causing it. Also I do feel tired alot. . Renninger

depo shot side effects long term

slurred speech. stopping of menstrual bleeding. sudden loss of coordination. sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg. sudden, unexplained shortness of breath. swelling of the fingers, hands, feet, or lower legs. troubled breathing at rest. unexpected or excess milk flow from the breasts.PIP: In Chiang Mai, Thailand, community physicians followed 2422 women who used the contraceptive injectable, Depo-Provera (DMPA), either during pregnancy and/or while breast feeding. They compared the longterm growth of the children exposed to DMPA with that of 1167 children who were not exposed to hormones during pregnancy or lactation. Ibuprofen or estrogen to stop bleeding from the Depot-Provera shot. Most side effects of the birth control shot will fade after the first six months. However, it’s important to talk with your ...Depo-Provera Vial Contraceptives. - Uses, Side Effects, This medication may cause serious bone loss which may not return to normal after you stop using it. The risk of bone loss increases with ... Warning: Blood Pressure IncreasesTestosterone undecanoate can cause blood pressure (BP) increases that can increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular death.Feb 22, 2022 · They might include: Abdominal pain Bloating Decreased interest in sex Depression Dizziness Headaches Irregular periods and breakthrough bleeding Nervousness Weakness and fatigue Weight gain Depo Medrol 80 MG Injection is used for treating Gout which is a type of joint inflammation. Sudden pain at night time and redness of the joints are few symptoms of Gout. Psoriasis. Depo Medrol 80 MG Injection is used to cure Psoriasis which is a type of skin disease. Itchy or sore patches and red skin are few symptoms of Psoriasis.May 15, 2002 · In fact, women frequently discontinue hormonal contraception because of irregular bleeding and other side effects. 1 – 3 One study 4 found that 32 percent of 1,657 women who started taking oral ... Jan 2, 2023 · The most commonly reported side effects were hot flashes or sweats, gastrointestinal disorders, hyperhidrosis, edema, emotional lability or depression, respiratory disorder, urinary disorder, nausea or vomiting, injection site reaction, joint disorders, testicular atrophy, asthenia, flu syndrome, headache, skin reaction, fatigue, and pain. Mar 6, 2023 · Lupron is a drug doctors prescribe to treat prostate cancer. It works by reducing testosterone levels in the body, slowing cancer growth. Lupron is the brand name for leuprolide acetate. Lupron ... Feb 3, 2023 · slurred speech. stopping of menstrual bleeding. sudden loss of coordination. sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg. sudden, unexplained shortness of breath. swelling of the fingers, hands, feet, or lower legs. troubled breathing at rest. unexpected or excess milk flow from the breasts. Medroxyprogesterone acetate. Medroxyprogesterone acetate ( MPA ), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate ( DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. [9] [3] It is used as a method of birth control and as a part of menopausal hormone therapy.Limiting contraceptive options like DMPA may disproportionately affect adolescents and disadvantaged women. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, resulting in anovulation and decreased production of estrogen. Decreased estrogen production is of concern because it is associated with a decrease in ...Depo-Provera use may also delay the return of your fertility. About 50% of women will be able to get pregnant within 10 months after their last Depo-Provera injection, but it can take up to 18 months for fertility to return. Some women report irregular or continuous bleeding when using Depo-Provera along with other unwanted side effects.weakness or numbness in an arm or leg. pain in the arms, neck, back, or jaw. dizziness. faintness. If a doctor prescribes male testosterone injections to an adolescent to treat a constitutional ....

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